Rangkuman materi MATKUL bahasa inggris2.

MATA KULIAH BAHASA INGGRIS 2.

Rangkuman materi pertemuan ke-1 s/d ke-14

Nama             : Dina olyvia saragih 

NPM               :(12216079)

Kelas             :1EA01

PROGRAM STUDI MANAJEMEN

FAKULTAS EKONOMI

UNIVERITAS GUNADARMA

TAHUN 2016

Pertemuan ke-1

1. When do we use much and when many?

much: uncountable nouns (milk, marmalade, money, time etc.)

many: countable nouns (bottles of milk, jars of marmalade, dollars, minutes etc.)

Examples:

How much money have you got?

How many dollars have you got?

In informal English these questions are often answered with a lot of, lots of. There is no much difference between the two phrases.

2. When do we use a little/little and when a few/few?

a little: non countable nouns (milk, marmalade, money, time etc.)

a few: countable nouns (bottles of milk, jars of marmalade, dollars, minutes etc.)

Examples:

He has a little money left.

He has a few dollars left.

We use few and little without the article a to point out a more negative meaning.

Examples:

A few students of our school know this. (There are some student who know it.)

Few students know this. (It is almost unkonown.)

Pertemuan ke-2

1.      Articles

Definite, Indefinite and No Article

The Indefinite Article – A / AN

We use A/AN with:

1. Singular nouns and the first time we refer to a person, animal or thing.

    a child

    an elephant

    a television

2. We don't use A/AN with possessive pronouns, demonstratives or cardinal numbers.

    My shirt is dirty.

    This car is expensive.

    One person is in the reception.

3. We use ONE (or more) instead of A/AN when the number is important.

    There is only one exit from the airport.

What is the difference between A and AN?

A is used when the next word begins with a consonant sound (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k etc).

    a book

    a table

    a clock

    a university (because the beginning of university sounds like YOU-niversity)

AN is used when the next word begins with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u).

    an apple

    an elephant

    an umbrella

    an hour (because the H is silent)

Try our game to practice the difference between A and AN.

The difference between A and AN in English

The Definite Article – THE

We use THE with:

1. A singular or plural noun when it is clear/obvious which person or thing we are talking about.

    There is a lamp in my bedroom. (we mention the lamp for the first time)

    The lamp is next to the desk.

2. Anything which we identify immediately.

    We watched the new Brad Pitt movie last night.

3. Musical instruments (the violin, the guitar, the drums, the flute, the piccolo).

    She plays the piano.

4. Something that is unique or there is only one.

    the sun

    the moon

5. Names of rivers, seas, oceans, mountain ranges and deserts (always in capitals).

    The Mississippi River

    The Black Sea

    The Andes

    The Sahara Desert

6. Directions (cardinal points).

    the west

    the south-east

    the north-west.

No Article

We use no article with:

1. When we refer to general ideas, plurals or uncountable nouns we do not use THE.

    Religion is an important issue. (NOT The religion is an important issue)

    Mexican food is spicy. (NOT The Mexican food is spicy).

2. Names of people, books and plays (unless it is part of the title).

    I have read Romeo and Juliet.

3. Towns, cities, states and countries.

    Cape Town

    Montana

    Vietnam

(Exceptions – The USA, The UK, The Netherlands, The Czech Republic, The Philippines).

4. Lakes, single islands, continents or mountains.

    Lake Victoria

    Jamaica

    Asia

    Mt Fuji

5.  games

    soccer

    tennis

    skiing

    monopoly

7. Meals

    breakfast

    lunch

    dinner

    supper

                       Pertemuan Ke-3

1.      Active and passive sentence in Present form / simple present tense

a.      Active sentence.

 

·         We visit our grandmother every 2 months.

Kami selalu mengunjungi nenek kami setiap 2 bulan.

·         I always water this plant every day.

Saya selalu menyirami tanaman ini setiap hari.

·         John always sees Anne every morning.

John selalu melihat Anne setiap pagi.

·         John always takes my money at school

John selalu mengambil uangku di sekolah.

b.       Passive sentence.

 

·         Our grandmother is visited by us every 2 months

Nenek kami selalu dikunjungi oleh kami setiap 2 bulan.

·         This plant is watered by me every day.

Tanaman ini selalu disiram olehku setiap hari.

·         Anne is seen by John every morning.

Anne selalu dilihat oleh John setiap pagi.

·         My money is always taken by John at school.

Uangku selalu di ambil oleh john di sekolah.

2.       Active and passive sentence in present perfect tense

a.       Active sentence

 

·         Jane has met him recently

Jane sudah menemuinya baru-baru ini.

·         My father has told me not to go to the beach.

Ayahku telah memberitahuku untuk tidak pergi ke pantai.

·         I have bought her a candy just now.

Aku telah membelikannya sebuah permen baru saja.

·         My uncle has asked me to come to his house.

pamanku telah meminta aku untuk datang ke rumahnya.

·         The professor has explained the process just now.

Professor sudah menjelaskan prosesnya baru saja.

b.       Passive sentence.

 

·         He has been met by Jane recently.

Dia telah ditemui oleh Jane baru-baru ini.

·         I have been told by my father not to go to the beach.

Aku telah diberitahu oleh ayahku untuk tidak pergi ke pantai.

·         She has been bought a candy by me just now.

Dia telah aku belikan sebuah permen baru saja.

·         I have been asked by my uncle to come to his house.

Saya telah diminta pamanku untuk datang kerumahnya.

·         The process has been explained by the professor just now.

Prosesnya telah dijelaskan oleh professor baru saja.

3.       Active and passive sentence in present continuous tense

 

a.       Active sentence.

·         Luna and Ron are loving to read book.

·          She is bringing many books.

·          I am eating Sandwich.

·          They are repairing those computers when I am coming.

·          Mother is cooking the food her husband.

·         They are studying this lecture.

b.       Passive sentence.

 

·         To read book is being loved by Luna and Ron.

·         Many books are being brought by her.

·         Sandwich is being eaten by me.

·         Those computers are being repairedwhen I am coming.

·         The food is being cooked by mother for her husband.

·         This lecture is being studied by them.

·         Those flowers are being watered by Jihan.

  Pertemuan ke-4

1.      Active and passive sentence in simple past tense

a.      Active sentence

 

·         We watched the Jurasic Park Movie on the cinema yesterday.

Kami menonton film Jurasic Park di bioskop kemarin.

·         Andri picked up Santi in her house at 19 o’clock last night.

Andi menjemput Santi di rumahnya jam 7 kemarin malam.

·         The governor built that monument year ago.

Gubernur membuat patung itu setahun yang lalau.

b.      Passive sentence

 

·         The Jurasic Park Movie was watched by us yesterday.

Film Jurasic Park ditonton oleh kami di bioskop kemarin.

·         Santi was picked up by Andri in her house at 19 o’clock last night.

       Santi dijemput oleh Andri di rumahnya jam 7 kemarin malam.

·         That monument was built by governor year ago.

Monument itu dibangun oleh gubernur setahun yang lalu.

·         The mathematic is studied by him yesterday.

Matematika dipelajari oleh dia kemarin.

2.      Active and passive sentence in simple past tense

a.      Active sentence

 

·         Dodo was asking me the question yesterday.

Dodo sedang bertanya kepadaku kemarin.

·         I was pulling the table yesterday at nine.

Aku sedang mendorong mejanya kemarin jam 9.

·         My father was driving me to my school yesterday in the morning.

Ayahku sedang mengantarkan aku kesekolah kemarin di pagi hari.

·         They were playing the ball together at noon yesterday.

Mereka sedang bermain bola bersama di siang hari kemarin.

·         I was fixing her computer when she came.

Aku sedang memperbaiki komputernya saat dia datang.

b.      Passive sentence

 

·         I was being asked the question by Dodo.

Aku sedang ditanya sebuah pertanyaan oleh Dodo.

·         The table was being pulled by me yesterday at nine.

Meja sedang ditarik olehku kemarin jam Sembilan.

·         I was being driven by my father to my school yesterday in the morning.

Aku diantar oleh ayahku ke sekolah kemarin di pagi hari.

·         The ball was being played by them together at noon yesterday.

Bola itu dimainkan oleh mereka bersama-sama di siang hari kemarin.

·         Her computer was being fixed by me when she came.

Komputernya sedang diperbaiki oleh ku saat dia datang.

3.      Active and passive sentence in simple past tense

a.      Active sentence.

 

·         I had been being watching the show for 2 hours.
Aku telah melihat pertunjukan itu selama 2 jam.

·         We had been waiting for him for 4 hours when he came.
Kami telah menunggunya selama 4 jam ketika dia datang.

·         We had been studying English for 2 hours when the bell rang.
Kami telah belajar bahasa inggris selama 2 jam ketika bel berbunyi

·         Jane had been lifting the suitcase for 20 minutes before I took.
Jane sudah mengangkat koper selama 2 menit sebelum aku mengambilnya.

·         By the time the teacher came, they had been reading the book.
Saat guru datang, mereka telah membaca buku.

b.      Passive sentence

·         he show had been being watched by me for 2 hours.

Pertunjukan itu telah aku tonton selama 2 jam.

·         He had been being waited for by us for 4 hours when he came.

Dia telah ditunggui oleh kami selama 4 jam ketika dia datang.

·         English language had been being studied by us for 2 hours when the bell rang.

Bahasa inggris telah dipelajari oleh kami selama 2 jam ketika bell berbunyi.

·         The suitcase had been being lifted by Jane for 20 minutes before I took.

Koper itu sudah diangkat oleh Jane selama 20 menit sebelum aku ambil.

·         By the time the teacher came, the book had been being read by them.

Saat guru datang, buku itu telah dibaca oleh mereka.

Pertemuan ke-5

1.    Indefinite Pronoun  (some-,  any-, no-)

Indefinite pronouns do not refer to a specific person, place, or thing. In English, there is a particular group of indefinite pronouns formed with a quantifier or distributive preceeded by any, some, every and no.

	Person	Place	Thing
All	everyone everybody	everywhere	everything
Part (positive)	someone somebody	somewhere	something
Part (negative)	anyone anybody	anywhere	anything
None	no one nobody	nowhere	nothing

Indefinite pronouns with  some and any are used to describe indefinite and incomplete quantities in the same way that some and any are used alone. Indefinite pronouns are placed in the same location as a noun would go in the sentence.

Noun	Indefinite pronoun
I would like to go to Paris this summer.	I would like to go somewhere this summer.
Jim gave me this book	Someone gave me this book
I won't tell your secret to Sam	I won't tell your secret to anyone
I bought my school supplies at the mall	I won't tell your secret to anyone

2.       Reflexive Pronoun

A reflexive pronoun is a type of pronoun that is preceded by the adverb, adjective, pronoun, or noun to which it refers, so long as that antecedent is located within the same clause.

Examples of Reflexive Pronouns:

·         I was in a hurry, so I washed the car myself.

·         You’re going to have to drive yourself to school today.

·         He wanted to impress her, so he baked a cake himself.

·         Jennifer does chores herself because she doesn’t trust others to do them right.

·         That car is in a class all by itself.

·         We don’t have to go out; we can fix dinner ourselves.

·         You are too young to go out by yourselves.

Pertemuan ke-6

1.       Have Something Done

Have something done is used to show that something is done for us, we do not do it ourselves. Compare these two sentences:

"I washed my car." - I washed my car myself.

"I had my car washed." - I paid someone to wash my car for me.

We can also use the form"I got my car washed." The difference between have and get is that have is more formal than get.

Subject + Have + Object + Past Participle Verb:

I (subject) had (have) my car (object) washed (past participle verb).

2.       Causative  Have

We use the causative in English to say that we have arranged for someone to do something for us.

·          He had his jacket cleaned.
(He didn't clean it himself.)

The causative is formed with 'have + object + past participle' The past participle has a passive meaning.

Questions and negations of the verb 'have' are formed with do/does or did in the past simple.

·         Did you have your camera fixed?

We also use 'have something done' to talk about an unpleasant experience.

·         Peter had his phone stolen last night.

In informal conversations we can use 'get' instead of 'have'.

·         She's getting her hair done again.

\It is important to have the correct word orde:

·         'John had his car repaired.' is very different to 'John had repaired his car.'
In the first sentence John  arranged for someone else to repair his car. In the second sentence he did it himself.

The causative can be used with most verb forms and is also formed with the infinitive and -ing forms.

·         He should have his car repaired.

·         It's worth having his car repaired.

Pertemuan ke-7

Few, a few
A few is more than few.
We use a few and few + a plural countable noun.	few people, few books, few letters a few people, a few books, a few letters
A few is a positive idea.	Fortunately, our financial situation is good: we still have a few good customers.
Few is a negative idea. It means 'almost none'. We can also use very few.	I'm very sad: I have few good friends. I'm very sad: I have very few good friends. (Both these sentences mean ‘I don't have many good friends – I would like to have more’.)
A few and few have irregular comparative and superlative forms.	few ⇒ fewer ⇒ the fewest a few ⇒ more ⇒ the most

Little, a little
A little is more than little.
We use a little and little + an uncountable noun.	a little time, a little food, a little money, little time, little food, little money
A little is a positive idea. It means 'not much, but some'.	I can help you: I speak a little English.
Little is a negative idea. It means 'nearly none, nearly nothing'. We can also use very little.	I can't help you. I speak little English. I can't help you. I speak very little English. Both these sentences mean ‘My English isn’t good; I would like to speak English better’.
A little and little have irregular comparative and superlative forms.	little ⇒ less ⇒ the least a little ⇒ more ⇒ the most

answer to fill the gap in each of the following sentences

·         I waited for                              minutes and then tried to call him again.

·         We have very                         chance of reaching London before lunchtime it's still another 100 miles away.

·         Unfortunately, he has             money to live on, as his salary is quite low.

·         Unfortunately,                         of the companies which we sent offers to showed interest in our products.

·         There wouldn't be so many accidents if there was                 traffic on the roads.

Pertemuan ke-8

1.      Question tags

Question tags are short questions at the end of statements.
They are mainly used in speech when we want to:

• confirm that something is true or not, or
• to encourage a reply from the person we are speaking to.

Question tags are formed with the auxiliary or modal verb from the statement and the appropriate subject.
A positive statement is followed by a negative question tag.

• Jack is from Spain, isn't he?
• Mary can speak English, can't she?

A negative statement is followed by a positive question tag.

• They aren't funny, are they?
• He shouldn't say things like that, should he?

When the verb in the main sentence is in the present simple we form the question tag with do / does.

• You play the guitar, don't you?
• Alison likes tennis, doesn't she?

If the verb is in the past simple we use did.

• They went to the cinema, didn't they?
• She studied in New Zealand, didn't she?

When the statement contains a word with a negative meaning, the question tag needs to be positive

• He hardly ever speaks, does he?
• They rarely eat in restaurants, do they?

  Pertemuan ke-9

1.       So and such

In English we have many different ways of emphasing a particular point. Words like 'very' and 'extremely' are the most known by students.

Others ways to do this are with 'so' and 'such'.

If you say: "it's so hot today!", it's a stronger emphasis than saying "it's very hot today."

The structure is: SO + ADJECTIVE

Another alternative is by saying "It's such a hot day!" This is also stronger than 'very'

The structure is: SUCH + ADJECTIVE + NOUN

Here is an explanation of the uses of so and such:

·         So is used before an adjective or an adverb:

·         so big – so beautifully designed

·         Such is followed by a or an and is used before an adjective + a singular noun:

·         such a long time – such an incredible story

·         Such is used alone without the indefinite article a/an before plural nouns and abstract nouns such as information, advice, kindness, interest et.

2.      Third conditional

We make the third conditional by using the past perfect after 'if' and then 'would have' and the past participle in the second part of the sentence:

    if + past perfect, ...would + have + past participle

It talks about the past. It's used to describe a situation that didn't happen, and to imagine the result of this situation.

·         If she had studied, she would have passed the exam (but, really we know she didn't study and so she didn't pass)

·         If I hadn't eaten so much, I wouldn't have felt sick (but I did eat a lot, and so I did feel sick).

·         If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn't have missed the plane

·         She wouldn't have been tired if she had gone to bed earlier

·         She would have become a teacher if she had gone to university

Pertemuan ke-11

What is Direct Speech?

The given sentence is in direct speech.

Here the exact words of the speaker have been put within quotation marks.

There is a colon after 'said'.

The first word inside the quotation marks starts with a capital letter.

What is an indirect speech then?

Let's consider the indirect speech of the sentence under consideration ,

1.      Direct and Indirect Speech in present tense

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
PRESENT TENSE
PRESENT SIMPLE changes into PAST SIMPLE
He said, “I write a letter” She said, “he goes to school daily” They said, “we love our country” He said, “he does not like computer”	He said that he wrote a letter. He said that she went to school daily. They said that they loved their country. He said that he did not like computer.

2.      Direct and Indirect Speech in present continuous.

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
PRESENT TENSE
PRESENT PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT
He said, “I write a letter” She said, “he goes to school daily” They said, “we love our country” She said, “he does not like computer”	He said that he was listening to the music. She said that she was washing her clothes. They said that they were not enjoying the weather. She said that she was not laughing.

3.       Direct and Indirect Speech in Present Perfect

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
PRESENT TENSE
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
She said, “he has finished his work” He said, “I have started a job” I said, “she have eaten the meal” They said, “we have not gone to New York.	She said that he had finished his work. He said that he had started a job. I said that she had eaten the meal. They said that they had not gone to New York.

   Pertemuan ke-12

1.      Direct and indirect sentence in past tense and past continuous tense

Note: The tense of reported speech may not change if reported speech is a universal truth though its reporting verb belongs to past tense.

·         Past simple

She said, "I taught online yesterday." ›           Past perfect

She said she had taught online yesterday.

Past continuous

She said, "I was teaching earlier."      ›           Past perfect continuous

She said she had been teaching earlier.

·         Past perfect 
She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."›Past perfect 
NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.Past

·         PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS

She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."          ›           Past perfect continuous

NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

PAST CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
They said, “we were enjoying the weather” He said to me, “ I was waiting for you” I said, “It was raining” She said, “I was not laughing”	They said that they had been enjoying. He said to me that he had been waiting for me. I said that it had been raining. She said that she not been laughing.
PAST PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT (tense does not change)
She said, “She had visited a doctor” He said, “I had started a business” I said, “she had eaten the meal” They said, “we had not gone to New York.	She said that she had visited a doctor. He said that he had started a business. I said that she had eaten the meal. They said they had not gone to New York.

                       Pertemuan ke-13

2.      Direct and Indirect Speech in Future

A.      Direct and Indirect Speech in Future tense:

a.       Understanding Simple Future Tense

Simple future tense is a form of the verb used to express that an action happens in the future, spontaneous or planned. Tense can also be used to form a conditional sentence type 1.

b.             Formula Simple Future Tense

Simple future tense is formed of capital "will" or "shall" and the bare infinitive (base form of verb) or formed from phrasal capital "be going to" and the bare infinitive (base form verb).

·         Affirmatives

Direct speech: RP +, + S + Will + V1 + ROTS

He said to me, “I will get a job soon.”

Indirect speech: RP + that + S + would + V1 + ROTS

He told me that he would get a job soon.

·         Negatives

Direct speech: RP +, + S + will not + V1 + ROTS

They said to me, “We will not give up.”

Indirect speech: RP + that + S + would not + V1 + ROTS

They told me that they wouldn`t give up.

·         Interrogatives

Direct speech: RP +, + Will + S + V1 + ROTS

They asked, “Will you teach us the practical grammar?”

Indirect speech: RP + if + S + would + V1 + ROTS

They asked me that if I would teach them the practical grammar.

·         Negative interrogatives

Direct speech: RP +, + Will not + S + V1 + ROTS

He asked, “Won`t you come with us?”

Indirect speech: PR + if + S + would not + V1 + ROTS

He asked me if I wouldn’t go with them.

B.      Direct and Indirect Speech in Future Continuous

Future continuous tense is formed with the auxiliary verb, and will be, and the present participle. In general, future continuous tense occurs only in the form of dynamic action verbs, not stative verb because generally only dynamic verb that has a continuous shape.

Example.

Future continuous	Conditional continuous
She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday".	She said that she would be using the car next Friday.

3.       Direct and Indirect Speech in Imperative sentence

The imperative is a command line that bertujun to order / ask someone to do something that we want. In our imperative is not advisable to use the subject at the beginning of a sentence, as this sentence is direct to the subject but did not mention the subject. For example, Fetch me my umbrella !. Punctuation is always used in the imperative is a punctuation mark exclamation (!) And have the word "please" are usually placed at the beginning or end of sentences. It aims to reinforce sentence ruled that directly perform the command.

    Imperative has two (2) patterns and the following explanation

·         imperative that uses the first verb (verb 1), here we only use the verb verb 1 (infinitive)

Verb 1 + Object

Consider the example sentence below:

Direct Speech : Miftah said, “cut the paper into two side and fold like me!”
Indirect Speech : Miftah said to cut the paper into two side and fold like him

Direct Speech : Mr. Fairiz said me, “ Take me a cup of tea, now!”
Indirect Speech : Mr. Fairiz said me to Take him a cup of tea, then

Direct Speech : The teacher told us, “Do the task on the page 67 in this hand book!”
Indirect Speech : The teacher told us to Do the task on the page 67 in that hand book

·         imperative that uses the auxiliary verb form of "TO BE" Here we are just using the "BE".

Be + Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb

Consider the example sentence below:

Ø  Direct Speech : I said her, “be silent!”

    Indirect Speec  : I said her to be silent

Ø  Direct Speech : You said me, “Be near of me!”

    Indirect Speech : You said me to Be near of you

Ø  Direct Speech : I told him “Be yourself!”

    Indirect Speech : I told him to Be himself

  Pertemuan Ke-14

1.   Indirect speech for Interrogative (question) sentence.

For changing interrogative (question) sentence into indirect speech we have to observe the nature of question and then change it into indirect speech according to it rules for indirect speech. A question can be of two types. One type which can be answered in only YES or NO and other type which needs a little bit explanation for its answer and cannot be answered in only YES or NO.

Rules 

( 1 ) We can change the verb of reporting speech according the sense, but shouldn't be changes in the sentence… like
we can say we can “asked”  “demanded” in the place of “said”  ( 2 ) No use of conjunction “that” .

( 3 )If interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary or helping verb than indirect sentence will start with “if” or “weather” .

( 4 ) If the sentence is start with integrative pronoun or adjective and interrogative adverb, indirect sentence also starts with these but without conjunction.

( 5 ) Interrogative sentence is converted in assertive sentence, for that we use subject before the verb and remove the interrogative mark .

( 6 ) Auxiliary verb (do, does) of reported speech is removed and use the past indefinite of main verb like

She said to Sita ,” Do you know him?”
She asked Sita whether she knew him.

( 7 ) Auxiliary verb of reported speech "did" is removed and past perfect form is used 

I said to him, " did you go to school yesterday?"

I asked him, " whether he had gone to school the previous day?

( 8 ) If do not or does not are used in reported speech than present indefinite form is used in indirect with did not like

He asked to belly, " do not know me?"

He asked belly whether he did not know him.   

( 9 ) Use past perfect form with not in indirect sentence in the place of “did not”   

Example.

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
She said to me, “how are you?”	He asked me how I was. (Not, how was I)
Doctor said to him, “what is your name?”	Doctor asked him what his name was.
he said to him, “why did you come late?”	he asked him why he had come late.
She said, “when will they come?”	She asked when they would come.
: She asked his brother, “why are you crying?”	She asked her brother why he was crying.
He said to me, “do you like books?”	He asked me if I liked books. (Not, did I like books)
	He asked me whether I liked books.
She said, “Will he participate in the dance competition?”	She asked me if he would participate in dance competition.
I said to him, “are you feeling well?”	I asked him if he was feeling well.
They said to me, “did u go to temple?”	They asked me if I had gone to temple.
He said to me, “Have you taken the breakfast?”	He asked me if I had taken the breakfast.